History 326 Readings Wiki

You've loaded an old revision of the document! If you save it, you will create a new version with this data.

====== Dismantling Black Manhood ======

===== Chapter 3: The Impact of the Long March and the Middle Passage on the West African Concept of Manhood =====

==== Assaults on Manhood ====

The path to losing one's sense of manhood which was based in being able to defend oneself and protect one's family began as they were stripped of their ability to do so when being chained up and abused throughout their walk from the interior to the west coast. They further lost the ability to prove and demonstrate their manhood due to being chained together tightly against others under the deck of the slave ship. Furthermore, their ability to end their own lives to escape this suffering was stifled by that tight bondage which further added to their sense of helplessness making them further lose any semblance of African manhood. (Henry Prior)

Black argues that these assaults on West African Manhood served to "displace the West African male perception of himself."((pg 57)) The context of slavery stripped African men of the relationships and experiences that they used to define manhood itself. It was not simply a destruction of African manhood, then theoretically replaced by colonial or white manhood, but a destruction of manhood itself for those who experienced it. Additionally, the trauma and both the mental and physical displacement of the Middle Passage caused African men to lose their ability to reference the past as a way to assert their manhood. Previous experiences of performing masculinity were disconnected from any present claims to manhood, leaving African men without the structures to assert their own capabilities and possibilities. (Cameron Spivy)

One of the ways the article discussed the assaults on their manhood was through the changing of names and how that served to remove yet another connection to West Africa.The descriptions of how much meaning there was to names and reflected those connections to manhood. Not only did changing someone's name reflect ownership, it also reflected erasure. (Hannah Covin) 
==== Resistance as Affirmation of Manhood ====

Although I have previously learned about the Middle Passage, I was unaware of the extent of the psychological and physiological horrors that occurred. The parallels between the general institution of slavery and the physical journal exemplify how Black manhood and masculinity have been impacted by systematic racism. In particular, I was intrigued to learn about the acts of resistance enslaved people took during this time. The author discussed how acts of resistance, such as starvation, were so widespread that extreme measures were taken to reduce the likelihood of men revolting. This week's text sheds light on how disenfranchising large groups of men may implicate women and girls. For instance, during the Middle Passage, West African women and girls were victimized by white captors. Overall, the text showed how the process of enslavement devastated communities with the onset of removing fathers, brothers, cousins, and grandfathers from their homes. (Allisya Smith)

===== Chapter 4: Plantation Existence and the West African Concept of Manhood =====
{{ :olaudah_equiano.png?nolink250|Olaudah Equiano}}
This chapter explores the experiences of Venture Smith (originally Broteer Furro) and Olaudah Equiano/Gustavas Vassa, who were both born in Africa and were enslaved as children. Black uses their written narratives of their lives to examine how ideas of manhood interacted with the lived experience of slavery. Both Venture and Equiano were originally raised with ideas and concepts of West African Manhood, that, after being enslaved and displaced, they felt they could no longer achieve. (Cameron Spivy)

//(Right) Olaudah Equiano as portrayed in his autobiography. There are no contemporary portraits of Venture.// (Cameron Spivy)

==== Physical Abuse and Manhood ====

D. Black describes in detail the examples of physical and mental cruelty that were meant to either subjugate the enslaved people or simply humiliate them. Among them was a horrifying mechanism called the Speculum Oris, which was supposed to keep the mouth open for compulsory feeding. This practice, in combination with jettisoning, rape, beatings, starvation, and neglect, constituted an immense physical and psychological pressure for the enslaved. D. Black argues that these conditions led to the creation of “Fixed Melancholy” - a particular mental phenomenon, which attempted to explain frequent deaths among enslaved people. At the same time, this form of abuse contributed to further process of "dismantling" of West African masculinity as a result of constant exposure to violence and a lack of options for the substantial response to reaffirm masculinity.  - Nikolai Kotkov
==== Displacement from Familial and Social Roles of Manhood ====

=== Husband ===

=== Father ===

Plantation life severely limited African men's abilities to father their children, specifically in ways that affirmed their own ideas of manhood. Specifically, in the case of sons, enslaved fathers were unable to impart cultural knowledge and ritually guide their sons on their journey to manhood. They were barred by the limited time they could spend with their family, through both overwork and separation, as well as the explicit prohibition of these practices. Additionally, in the context of their enslavement, fathers had to spend their precious time teaching their children how to survive in a world where white men held all the power rather than teaching their children about what adulthood and specifically manhood meant to them as Africans. (Cameron Spivy)

Edit summary

Note: By editing this page you agree to license your content under the following license: CC Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International